LOGOS - Multilingual Translation Portal

Appendix - Exercises
1. Cognitive types: A) are useful for cataloguing our mind perceptions B) are inborn and the same in each individual C) are mental entities each of which matches a verbal expression D) are the psychological equivalent of the graphical type 2. Titles of periodicals (newspapers, magazines, reviews, etc.): A) must never be translated, except in cases when they are periodicals having an official title also in the metatext language B) must always be translated, followed, in parentheses, by the original title C) must be translated only for periodicals without an ISSN D) must never be translated 3. JAkobsón has written that: A) Linguistics cannot interpret any linguistic sample without translating its signs into others of the same system or into signs belonging to another system B) Semantics cannot interpret any linguistic sample without translating its signs into others of the same system or into signs belonging to another system C) Semiotics cannot interpret any linguistic sample without translating its signs into others of the same system or into signs belonging to another system D) Language science cannot interpret any linguistic sample without translating its signs into others of the same system or into signs belonging to another system 4. From the point of view of total translation it is better to speak of: A) Semiosphere translatability B) Translatability culture C) Culture translatability D) Expression plane translatability 5. Recoding, in translation, refers to: A) Content plane transfer B) Content plane transfer transposition C) Expression plane transposition D) Expression plane transfer 6. What does Torop mean by "adequate translation"? A) Any translation can be considered adequate, depending on the chosen type of dominant B) Transposition and recoding through analysis and synthesis, preserving interrelations between expression and content planes C) Any translation which is based on the prototext dominant D) Any dominant-based translation 7. "Transposition", in translation studies, refers to: A) The content plane transfer B) The recoding of the content plane C) The transfer of the expression plane D) The recoding of the expression plane 8. Which of the following is true? A) Thanks to equivalence in difference, two speakers can communicate without any con-ceptual loss. B) Thanks to the correspondence between signs, meanings, and mental images, intralingual verbal communication is always possible C) There are not two individuals who totally share the matching of signs, senses, and mental images, but verbal communication is, at least in part, always possible D) Verbal communication produces a loss, and two individuals never totally share a matching signifier and signified through mere linguistic equivalence 9. The dominant A) In Saussure's opinion, is the focal point of the literary work B) In Hjelmslev's opinion, is the controlling element within the literary work C) Is the main element of a translation D) guarantees the integrity of a text structure 10. Theoretically, natural language A) can always express elements deriving from another language/culture B) can often express elements deriving from another language/culture C) can never express all elements deriving from another language/culture D) has expressive potentials inferior to artificial languages 11. Which of the following is true? A) in English-speaking countries there are no standards for dealing with translations B) There is an international standard precisely setting criteria for the translation of each kind of document C) The ISO 2384 standard sets the minimum percentage for royalties due to the translator D) The only existing international standard contains norms regarding the format of a translated document. 12. To be concretely translatable a document must have A) a given degree of connotation in the text B) an open text C) the cultural awareness of the translator D) a closed text 13. In Chomsky's opinion, translatability is guaranteed by A) the uniformity of the deep structures B) the possibility to return to surface structures C) the fact that, once, all men spoke the same language D) the survival instinct 14. With respect to the prototext, the metatext is: A) faithful B) explicit C) rational D) implicit 15. Subverbal thought is: A) what an individual thinks the moment he makes an utterance B) what an individual thinks the moment he hears an utterance C) a form of thought that may have existed even before the capability of verbal expression D) a form of expression inferior to the verbal form 16. Cultural words (realia) A) are untranslatable B) must not be translated, but substituted C) are present only in literary texts D) sometimes are translatable in the metatext 17. Re-ideologizing re-writing is A) necessary to translate culture typology B) an example of totalitarian translation C) necessary for the translation of a culture D) an example of total translation 18. Holmes thinks that historization and exotization A) tend to preserve one's own culture in the transition to the others' B) tend to preserve the other's element C) are inserted into the one's own/other's dialectics D) are better than modernization/naturalization 19. More and more frequent contacts among cultures cause A) leveling and standardization of cultures B) homogenization of cultures C) homologation of cultures D) an increased consciousness of cultural differences and in the specificity of each individual culture 20. Translating a reality into text is, in Lotman's opinion, A) everyday cultural activity B) a way to make up for historical memory C) impossible within the semiosphere D) a task for professional translators 21. "Translator" is an oxymoron because she is A) at the center of society but on the outskirts of communication B) on the hinterland of society but at the center of communication C) "translator" is not an oxymoron at all D) on the boundary between cultures but at the center of languages 22. The difference between artificial and natural languages is that A) the former are unlimited B) the latter are limited C) artificial languages are created by man D) the latter are unlimited 23. In Whorf's opinion A) language forms and systematizes knowledge B) knowledge forms and systematizes culture C) culture forms and systematizes knowledge D) knowledge forms and systematizes languages 24. Semiotranslation is a term A) coined by Peirce and used by Lotman as well B) coined by Torop to mean the application of semiotics to translation studies C) coined by Gorlée D) coined by Lotman to indicate the application of semiotics to translation studies 25. In Quine's opinion, translation is undefined A) because of the indeterminacy of its definition B) because an utterance takes on different meanings depending on its concrete context C) because the only possible translation is inadequate D) only when it is a symbolic utterance 26. In Quine's opinion the difference between home language and mother tongue consists in the fact that: A) home language undergoes radical translation B) mother tongue is learnt first C) home language is learnt first D) There is no difference 27. "Phatic" derives from a Greek word meaning: A) stilted expression B) contact C) code D) affirmation 28. "Hello?" is a sentence that can be related to: A) the metalingual function B) "Hello?" is not a sentence, it is a word C) the phatic function D) the poetic function 29. "Synonymy", in JAkobsón's opinion, means: A) partial equivalence B) total equivalence, only within the same code C) complete equivalence, only when passing from one code to another D) complete equivalence of linguistic signs 30. Multilinguism is typical of the individuals A) who have learnt more than one language since infancy B) very capable in rapidly switching from one code to another C) born in a monolingual environment who then studied one or more foreign language[s] D) who lived in a country characterized by bilingualism 31. In JAkobsón's opinion A) irrational language is always untranslatable B) rational language is always untranslatable C) rational language is always translatable D) irrational language is always translatable 32. Which of the following is true? A) Sub-verbal behavior in children is untranslatable into words B) Sub-verbal behavior in children is partially translatable into words, but only by a member of the immediate family C) Sub-verbal behavior in children is translatable into words by a psychologist D) Sub-verbal behavior in children ends when verbal expression begins 33. Which of the following is true? A) Mind functioning is based on the economy principle B) Mind functioning is based on affects, not on economy C) Mind functioning is not very economic. We therefore preserve many useless memories. D) Mind functioning, in a rational and intelligent adult, is always controllable 34. Which of the following is true? A) Verbal language influences non-verbal thought structure B) Verbal language is a mere expression of thought C) Thought is possible only because there are words to fix concepts D) Thought does not influence verbal language structure 35. Which of the following is true? A) Linguistic awareness in the mother tongue is greater than awareness in the other acquired languages B) Linguistic awareness in the mother tongue is lower than awareness in the other acquired languages C) Linguistic awareness in the mother tongue is as high as the awareness in the other acquired languages D) The notion of linguistic awareness is unfounded 36. Which of the following is true? A) Thought exists as far as verbal language exists B) The extent of verbal language is determined by the extent of thought C) Thought is never totally expressible in words D) Verbal language is indispensable for the organization of thought 37. Which of the following is true? A) Once a word or locution is learnt, the situation in which it was learnt remains impressed in the conscious memory B) Once a word or locution is learnt, the individual is aware of the relation of affective significance linked to the learning C) Once a word or locution is learnt, for a number of years the situation in which it was learnt remains impressed in the subconscious D) Once a word or locution is learnt, the situation in which it was learnt remains impressed in the unconscious 38. According to JAkobsón, linguistic capacity and metalinguistic capacity are: A) incompatible B) disjoint C) co-present D) only possible for linguists and translation scientists 39. Trying to put mental material into words can result in: A) an increase in linguistic knowledge B) the objectification of apparently elusive sensations or experiences, allowing rational elaboration C) the complete "translation" of mental material into verbal material D) the increase of translation-science knowledge 40. What are the "thinking aloud protocols"? A) Written protocols based on translators' activities, gathered to set some fundamental rules for the translation process B) Written protocols based on translators' activities, gathered to distinguish mental processes the translator knowingly uses and describe them C) Written protocols based on translators' activities, gathered to determine the correct operative processes D) Descriptions of the translation activity based on psychological studies of text perception 41. To refer to a "screw" as a "rotating nail": A) is absolutely normal for the Chukchees, and they understand precisely the meaning of the words B) is a sign of technological backwardness C) implies a serious loss of meaning D) is unacceptable 42. Knowing many languages since early childhood: A) can sometimes cause cognitive development retardation B) generates multiple-personality adults C) can favor the receptivity of the individual towards the outer world D) generates adults who are unsure about their identity 43. What is idiolect? A) A form of lexical idiosyncrasy B) An idiomatic dialect C) The peculiar way an individual has of expressing himself in words D) It is a synonym of "register" 44. From the ISBN it is possible to establish: A) if a book was translated directly from the original B) the year of publication of a book C) the publisher of a book D) country, publisher, and title of a book. A paperback and a hardback edition have the same ISBN, though 45. The grammatical categories that best reflect conative function are: A) the imperative and locative forms B) the passive and circumlocutory forms C) the exhortative and conative forms D) the vocative and imperative forms 46. Semantic patterns A) are inborn, unconscious mechanisms through which word recognition is possible B) interpose between the translator and the metatext engaging mechanisms useful to acknowledge translation automatisms C) are found in the controlled workspace D) are potential meanings the translator projects onto the mental map of the prototext 47. Dreams contain symbolic material that can be decoded: A) with the cooperation of the dreamer, because dream symbols have different values for each individual B) consulting one of the many dictionaries of dreams available, because it is a sort of translation C) consulting a psychologist who knows the universal meaning of the different dream symbols D) consulting dream symbol repertoires explaining their universal meaning 48. Children accustomed to speaking more languages from early childhood A) experience more confusion distinguishing between languages B) are less aware of the difference between languages C) have a stronger development of metalinguistic capabilities D) are forced to use code-switching because they do not know the name of certain objects in one of the languages used 49. Dream material A) is verbal B) is expressible only in verbal form C) is nonverbal D) is mixed: verbal, musical, olfactive, emotional, visual, tactile, gustative 50. Text most often used for language-course translation A) are generally utterances from authentic conversations B) are created by the authors solely for teaching purposes C) can be created on purpose or taken from the real world D) are usually taken from periodicals or books of the country where that language is spoken 51. The semantic field of a word A) varies only passing from one code to another B) is identical for speakers of the same language C) is different for those who do not know all its possible meanings D) is different for each individual 52. Translators not complying with the ISO 2384 standard A) can be expelled from the translators associations B) may not be paid for their work C) can be prosecuted by civil law D) cannot state that their translations comply with that standard 53. Code-switching is A) a typical disorder of aphasic children B) a typical disorder of plurilingual children C) a typical disorder of multilingual individuals D) an expressive mode used by some artists and poets 54. Speaking ability A) is inborn: and eventually develops in each individual B) can be more or less developed in single individuals depending on the cultural level of the environment in which they are reared C) can be more or less developed in single individuals depending on the number of languages spoken in the environment in which they are reared D) can develop only if the environment in which the infant is reared stimulates him to learn to speak 55. The translatability/untranslatability concept A) is a key concept in applied translation studies B) is the core concept of semantics C) is no longer very important after JAkobsón's works D) is the core concept of linguistics 56. The context is A) the co-text of a given utterance B) the cultural, historical, and geographic setting of an utterance C) the same as the co-text, according to the vocabulary of some translation-studies schools D) an aspect of the text particularly important for the language student 57. Referential context A) has a constant influence on culture B) has no impact on reading itself C) can influence reading only if there are interferences on the communication channel D) has an influence on the reading activity only when the written text contains typographical errors 58. The co-text is A) the words preceding and following a word or locution B) the context in which a given expression is found C) the text a given word is usually found near D) the same as the context, according to the definition of some schools of translation studies 59. The right to publish a translation of a text A) must be indicated only when it is an exclusive right B) must be indicated only when it is a translation for which translation rights have been acquired C) must be indicated only when it is a non-exclusive right D) must always be indicated at the beginning of a translated publication 60. Bilingual dictionaries for translations A) are still the most convenient reference tools B) are indicated for use only in professional translation C) are not indicated in any case D) are only useful for scholastic translations 61. Egocentric language in children is A) a form of expression typical of children who have many social contacts B) a form of expression typical of children who have few social contacts C) is a physiological formation that can lead to the development of inner language in the adult D) is a pathological formation that can lead to autism 62. Inner language is A) different for each individual B) made of words C) made of words, not necessarily all of the same linguistic code D) learnt at the same time as verbal expression skills 63. The translator's name must be indicated A) always, according to an UNESCO recommendation B) always, except in the translations of patents C) when the publisher considers its indication necessary D) only for a literary translation or one in which the translator's role is comparable to that of the author 64. JAkobsón's essay on translation deals with A) interlingual translation B) translation as a general phenomenon C) intralingual translation D) intersemiotic translation 65. The Self A) is the whole of the languages of Ego awareness B) consists of the individual's ability for insight into his/her socio-cultural environment C) is the unconscious side of the Ego D) is the awareness of one's own identity 66. The prototext, soon after the first reading, becomes A) an outline for the metatext in the reader's mind B) a metatext, as in interlingual translation, except for a loss C) a series of non-verbalized hypotheses about the content of the message D) reading is not translation: there is no prototext 67. JAkobsón states that A) the same facts are different for speakers having different linguistic backgrounds, and who express them differently B) a cognitive study of linguistic expression is necessary for the comparative analysis of texts C) the study of linguistics is necessary for translation-studies research D) the study of translation is indispensable for linguistic research 68. The verbalization of mental material: A) always occurs in order to catalogue experience B) is necessary only for social life C) is necessary only for interlingual translation D) is necessary only for intersemiotic translation 69. The comprehension of the meaning of words A) is conditioned by the knowledge of the cultural context B) can only derive from direct experimentation of their meaning C) is not conditioned by knowledge of the cultural context: it is sufficient to know the linguistic equivalent D) cannot be achieved through use of other words 70. The signifier-cognitive type match A) is universal B) is common to speakers of the same code C) does not exist D) is strictly subjective 71. Poetic function: A) concerns only poetic texts B) is more or less present in all kinds of text C) can be present in many kinds of texts, even when it is not the dominant D) is the dominant in literary texts 72. Scholastic translation and professional translation A) share the objective of translating a text B) have little in common C) have a common receiver: the reader D) have nothing in common 73. The difference between an expert reader and an inexperienced reader is A) the expert reader does not read everything, just what is necessary to complete the sense mentally B) the inexperienced reader does not know the meaning of words very well C) the inexperienced reader does not know the pronunciation of some words very well D) the expert reader systematically skips much of what he reads 74. The referential function is important because A) it refers to the context B) often an utterance is ambiguous out of context C) it refers to the sender D) it refers to the receiver 75. The conative function is so named because A) the relation receiver-sender-context has a coneshaped scheme B) in French "conatif" means "to be received" C) in French "conatif" means "nauseating" D) in Latin "conari" means "to try" 76. The emotive function is so named because A) it expresses the sender's emotions toward the message B) it expresses the sender's feelings toward the receiver C) being centered on the receiver, it reflects the emotions implicit in the context D) being centered on the message, it reflects the emotions implicit in the context 77. The metalingual function is o named because A) "meta-" derives from the Greek metá, "between"; therefore, it is the function regarding utterances enclosed between other utterances B) "meta-" derives from the Greek metá, "with"; therefore, it is the function defining parallel utterances C) "meta-" derives from the Greek metá, "after"; therefore, it is the function regarding the utterances occurring after the linguistic act D) "meta-" derives from the Greek metá, "after"; therefore, it is the function defining the language as it refers to itself 78. Reading is a communication process A) producing no loss, provided that the reader knows the author's code well B) which never produces a communication loss C) producing a loss only when the text contains connotative features D) producing a non-communicated loss 79. Secondary elaboration of a dream is A) the logical, cohesive link between the different memories and impressions B) the rational interpretation given after the passing of time C) a form of elaboration of the dream material aimed at perceiving its unconscious meaning D) a kind of elaboration of secondary importance 80. The illustrations in the original text A) must be reproduced, whenever possible, in the same form and position in which they were in the prototext B) can be reproduced, provided that the text forming the captions is also translated C) cannot be omitted, even if the omission is specified in a note alerting the reader that it is a partial translation, and that illustrations make up part of the omitted material D) can be omitted in the metatext 81. Paronomasia consists of the A) repetition of words with a similar sound B) juxtaposition of two words with a similar sound, or that are the anagram of one another C) juxtaposition of two phonemes having a similar sound, or that are the anagram of one another D) juxtaposition of two words with similar sounds and different meanings 82. Reading is a process of A) passive assimilation B) active assimilation C) active interpretation D) passive interpretation 83. Holmes' mapping theory holds that, mentally, the translator has A) a map in two successive stages: one of the original and one of the type of the translated text to be produced B) two maps in a rapid succession: one of the original and one of the type of the translated text to be produced C) a simultaneous map of the original and one of the type of the translated text to be produced D) a simultaneous mental projection of the original and of the type of the translated text to be produced 84. Reading is different from literary criticism because A) when reading, the important thing is understanding B) the literary critic is a particularly careful reader, equipped with methodological tools C) to work as a literary critic requires a specialized education D) when you read sometimes you are distracted and are not critical 85. The mother tongue is A) the language you learn from your mother B) your mother's language C) the language the infant learns from his mother, his father or from other meaningful parent-like figure D) the most widely spoken language in one's family 86. The mother tongue is learnt A) independently from outer environmental stimuli B) without any rational control C) in parallel with the development of thought capabilities D) with full awareness of the learning 87. Text macro-analysis A) serves to check the cohesion of the text with its type, the model the text is referred to B) serves to check the cohesion between the various components of a text C) is made from the bottom-up D) serves to check the text cohesion with the macrotext 88. The translations of translated texts (translations of texts already translated from a prototext) A) are absolutely banned by the ISO 2384 standard on translation B) are preferable whenever you have a translator from the intermediate language, while the translation from the original language, if it is a rare language, could be very expensive; C) are allowed, provided that certain elements are indicated, which do not necessarily include the name of the first translator D) are allowed, provided that the name of the translator from the original into the intermediate language is indicated 89. Text micro-analysis A) serves to check the cohesion of the text with its type, the model the text is referred to B) serves to check the cohesion between the various components of a text C) is made top-down D) serves to check the text cohesion with the macrotext 90. The naming process A) instinctively derives from perception B) can occur only after the formation of a cog-nitive type C) derives from perception but occurs only in social interaction D) is the linguistic equivalent of the cognitive type 91. Controlled workspace is A) the whole of the micro-strategies B) the whole of the macro-strategies C) the first instance in which the prototext takes on a meaning D) what all translators' and teachers' energies should concentrate on in Hönig's opinion 92. The transcription or oral expression of a dream is a process of A) intersemiotic translation from dream language into external verbal language that produces nearly no translation loss B) interlingual translation from dream language into external verbal language that does produce a translation loss C) intersemiotic translation from dream language into external verbal language that does produce a verbalizable translation loss D) intersemiotic translation from dream language into external verbal language that does produce a translation loss 93. The perception of an utterance is A) the same for everybody B) the same for each speaker of the language of the utterance C) the same for each speaker of the language of the utterance, provided that the sender and the receiver live in the same area and time D) different for each individual 94. Intralingual translation is A) one of the rarest forms of translation B) the transposition of a message into an extralingual code C) a roundabout way of expression D) a purely theoretical phenomenon 95. The fundamental communication triad is A) sender receiver message B) sender context receiver C) sender referent receiver D) context contact code 96. In an utterance taken out of context, ambiguity A) should be avoided in any way B) is anyway index of deficiencies in the communication capabilities C) tends to increase with the with the ever increasing speed of communication in our society D) can sometimes be exploited to the advantage of the sender of the message 97. The learning of languages at school age or in adulthood A) depends in significant measure on the affective conditions in which it occurs B) is completely dependent on the intellective and rational capabilities of the learner and of the teacher C) is easier if intensive, even if it lasts for a limited time D) is always easier in the school environment 98. Linguistic awareness A) is typical of the monolingual infant B) is typical of individuals centered on the self and on communication with others C) can develop only from school age on D) is typical of the narcissistic personality 99. Autonymy is A) a signifier referring to itself B) a signified referring to itself C) an utterance having a value independent of the co-text D) word autonomy 100. Grammatical categories are most important A) in descriptive texts B) in expositive texts C) in denotative texts D) in poetic texts 101. Languages differ most in what they A) can express B) must express C) may express D) want to express 102. The plurilingual individual A) more than the monolingual, is subject to personality disorders B) has a meta-Ego controlling verbal behavior C) is less subject to personality disorders D) has a greater probability of becoming schizophrenic 103. Economics of the mental processes, applied to translation, tends toward A) projection of perceptive patterns, formed on the basis of semantic experience, onto the prototext giving rise to meaning conjectures B) projection of translation patterns, formed on the basis of cognitive experience, onto the mental pattern of the metatext giving rise to meaning conjectures C) comparison of semiotic patterns formed on the basis of translation experience with the prototext giving rise to meaning projections D) projection of semantic patterns formed on the basis of perceptive experience onto the prototext giving rise to meaning conjectures 104. The equivalence of two linguistic signs A) is what allows translation B) is possible in only interlingual translation C) is possible only in intralingual translation, by way of the use of synonyms D) does not exist 105. Equivalence is possible in A) mathematic language B) interlingual translation C) intralingual translation D) intersemiotic translation 106. Interpretation of a text is particularly important and difficult for A) everybody B) language students who are translating a text C) translators D) translation and language students 107. The intertext is A) an intermediate phase of the translation activity in which the prototext, although not completely transformed into the translated text, begins to take shape B) a text inserted between other texts C) the whole of intertextual references D) an intermediate text 108. The uncontrolled workspace is A) the whole range of micro-strategies B) the whole range of macro-strategies C) the first instance in which the prototext takes on a meaning D) what all translators' and teachers' energies should concentrate their energies on, in Hönig's opinion 109. In a text translated by a language student, the most important factor is A) legibility B) fluency C) fidelity D) to be able to check what the student has learnt 110. In natural codes - languages spoken by men - the graphic form/pronunciation relation A) is strict: there is a reciprocal matching between sounds and signs B) in some languages there is a reciprocal matching between sounds and signs, in some there is not C) is never ruled by a strict reciprocal correspondence D) in English you write as you speak, in other languages it is not so 111. In documentation standards, by "contribution" we mean A) work done by one of many people contributing to the production of a publication (editor, typographer, translator, author, etc.) B) an essay within a book or review C) an essay within a book, only if there are other author's essays as well D) a document published in a miscellaneous volume 112. By "poetic function", we mean the juxtaposition of words on the basis of paradigmatic principles. This sentence is an example of A) emotional function B) poetic function C) conative function D) metalinguistic function 113. In the language/knowledge relation A) language is used only to express what is already known B) knowledge is linked in the same way in the deep language structures, independent of the code C) there is a reciprocal influence: language is used to communicate knowledge but it is also used to catalogue experience D) knowledge is only useful expressed in language 114. By "linguistic awareness" we mean A) awareness of one's own knowledge of one or more languages B) a technique for concentration useful for people doing translations C) awareness of one's own knowledge of the languages learnt as an adult, mother tongue excluded D) awareness of one's own limitations in the study of foreign languages 115. Re.: bibliographical references A) one should indicate only texts that have been translated in the metatext language B) there are precise norms in English-speaking countries for their formulation C) one should not edit the prototext bibliography, even locutions like "edited by" or "updated by" D) the prototext language formulation must be respected 116. In a translation of a periodical, it is essential to state A) what type the translation is: complete, partial, or abridged B) the place of publication of the prototext C) the name of the editor, even if the editor is not responsible for the translation D) information about how the translation may be obtained 117. In the course we talked about "co-text" and "context" A) they are synonyms B) "context" refers to the general situation of an utterance, while "co-text" refers to the text in which the utterance is situated C) "co-text" refers to the general situation of an utterance, while "context" refers to the text in which the utterance is situated D) the difference is caused by the different use of technical terms by different researchers 118. In the translation of a patent it is essential A) to state the type of document B) to state the date of publication of the translation C) to state the date of the patent D) to have it done by a sworn translator 119. During the childhood of a monolingual individual A) it is better to introduce language study gradually B) the awareness of the functioning of his language is greater C) the awareness of the functioning of his mother tongue is more developed than in plurilingual individuals D) learning a language at school can be an opportunity to develop a metalinguistic awareness 120. By "translation micro-strategy" we mean A) a strategy that considers the metatext and the unconscious mechanisms used automatically by expert translators as well as single solutions to translation problems B) a strategy that considers the prototext and the unconscious mechanisms used automatically by expert translators as well as single solutions to translation problems C) a strategy that considers the translation-oriented analysis of the metatext and the rational mechanisms used by expert translators as well as single solutions to translation problems D) a strategy that considers the receiver and the defenses used by less expert translators as well as global solutions to translation problems 121. In passing from "I will" to "I would", which type of operation is carried out? A) paradigmatic B) syntagmatic C) temporal D) logical 122. In order to pass from "Irene eats her ice cream" to "Irene eats her ice cream voluptuously;" what is necessary? A) a paradigmatic addition B) an operation only concerning the selection axis C) an operation only concerning the combination axis D) a syntagmatic addition also based on paradigmatic criteria 123. In order to pass from "Irene eats her ice cream" to "Irene eats her cake" it is necessary to make A) a syntagmatic shift B) an operation concerning the combination axis C) a paradigmatic and syntagmatic shift D) a paradigmatic shift 124. When you learn foreign languages, translation A) is not included in the program B) is not used; version is used, instead C) is limited to exercises in the use of the foreign language D) is a didactic tool 125. When the translation of a book is published, it is essential to state A) language of the metatext B) place and date of publication in the original language C) title of the series related to the prototext D) translation of the name of the series 126. In order to pass from "Irene eats her ice cream" to "Irene was eating her ice cream" it is necessary to make A) a syntagmatic shift B) an operation concerning the selection axis C) a paradigmatic and syntagmatic shift D) a paradigmatic shift 127. In order to be able to communicate, the speaker can use A) metalinguistic codes B) adjustments in vocabulary C) code-switching D) intersemiotic communication 128. Following JAkobsón's opinion, which of the following statements is true? A) Irrational language is always untranslatable B) Rational language is always untranslatable C) Rational language is always translatable D) Irrational language is always translatable 129. When an individual cannot express or understand a metaphor he must be affected by what JAkobsón calls A) "contiguity disorder", i.e. a deficiency in the syntagmatic function B) "contiguity disorder", i.e. a deficiency in the paradigmatic function C) "similarity disorder", i.e. a deficiency in the syntagmatic function D) "similarity disorder", i.e. a deficiency in the paradigmatic function 130. Which of the following is true? A) auto-referentiality is indispensable for the learning of foreign languages B) utterance auto-referentiality forms a dynamic circle within the text system allowing students to correctly solve the exercises C) a translation for an exercise given in a language course cannot always be considered clearly "right" or "wrong" D) language textbooks and bilingual dictionaries form an auto-referential circle allowing students to correctly solve the exercises but do not provide the tools necessary for a translation 131. When a text containing abbreviations is to be translated A) it is always necessary to write the corresponding words in the metatext language B) it is necessary to use the matching abbreviation, complying with the ISO 4 and 832 standards in the new language C) abbreviations are to be left in the prototext language D) abbreviations are the same worldwide as stated in the standards ISO 4 and 832 132. When you translate from a language that has a grammatical category into one without this category A) part of the message remains unexpressed B) you need to find an equivalent C) you need to force the grammatical rules of the metatext language D) the translator should, deliberately or not, clarify a message that is ambiguous in the prototext 133. When a message refers back to a part itself it is a case A) of phatic function B) of metalinguistic function C) not considered in JAkobsón's classification D) of poetic function 134. When a geographic name is encountered A) must be left in the original version, both in the text and in the bibliographical references B) must be left in the original version in bibliographies; otherwise, a distinction must be made between toponyms that have Multilanguage versions and toponyms existing only in the original language C) must be translated if it is a publication distributed without a bibliography; otherwise, it should be left in the original, as the ISO TRANS89 standard suggests D) a translation must be looked up in a dictionary or an encyclopedia 135. When the structure of the clauses, subclauses, and paragraphs is not respected in the translation A) the translation must at least include the entire meaning of the prototext B) the translation does not comply with the ISO 2384 standard C) the total number of clauses and paragraphs must be the same as in the prototext D) the shift is justified if the prototext contains very long/short paragraphs 136. The mind finds more than one match for a grapheme when A) they are homophones B) there is a visual channel disorder C) they are homographs D) they are homonyms 137. If the prototext contains units of measure, the translator A) must convert them into those used in the culture of the metatext, calculating the corresponding values B) must convert them into those used in the culture of the prototext, calculating the corresponding values C) need not convert them into those used in the culture of the metatext, but must also indicate the corresponding values in parentheses D) must never convert them into units used in the metatext culture, calculating the corresponding values 138. When a word is misspelled A) the reader often cannot decode it B) the reader decodes it based on the co-text C) the reader decodes it based on the co-text and context, but cannot be sure D) is decoded based on sense 139. When a set of graphic signs is perceived, it is decoded in two phases: A) first, it is transformed into a cognitive type, then is transformed into graphic type B) first, it is transformed into a graphic type, then into a cognitive type C) first, it is transformed into an image, then into sound D) deciphering and naming 140. When the translation of a contribution or article is published it is A) essential to state the place where the prototext was published B) essential to state the ISSN of the prototext C) optional to state place and date of the metatext publication D) optional to state if the translation is taken from a periodical 141. When the translation of a book is published, it is essential to state A) the name of the editor of the series B) the proofreaders' names C) publisher, place, and date of publication of the metatext D) editor's name 142. When translating from a language utilizing a different alphabet, you must A) transcribe words in the metatext alphabet B) comply with the American English language standard on transliteration C) transliterate only proper nouns and untranslated words complying with the ISO standard related to the given alphabet D) transliterate proper nouns in the Latin alphabet complying with the International Phonetic Alphabet 143. A typical example of part of speech reflecting the sender's expression is A) the pronoun B) the adjective C) the adverbial locution D) interjections 144. For an individual to be unable to express or understand a metonymy, he must be affected by what JAkobsón calls A) "contiguity disorder", a deficiency in the syntagmatic function B) "contiguity disorder", a deficiency in the paradigmatic function C) "similarity disorder", a deficiency in the syntagmatic function D) "similarity disorder", a deficiency in the paradigmatic function 145. JAkobsón stated that no linguistic sample may be interpreted through ____________ without translating its signs into other signs of the same system or signs of another system A) linguistics B) semantics C) semiotics D) language science 146. An aphasic with a left hemisphere disorder A) can answer the sender, but cannot initiate a dialogue B) can formulate utterances out of context C) can formulate utterances foreign to the sender D) can initiate a dialogue, but not answer the sender 147. In JAkobsón's opinion A) the translator must be faithful to the original B) the translator must not always be faithful to the original C) it is hard to say what fidelity means D) the translator must be faithful to the original only in some types of translation 148. Occurrences are compared to a type A) means that each time a word is perceived, it is compared to its first occurrence B) when one perceives something and tries to understand it C) any time one sees a horse D) any time one sees a horse, in order to refer back to the word "horse" 149. Between reading and listening there is A) a fundamental difference from the point of view of interpretation B) a perceptive difference but it causes the same cognitive process C) a cognitive difference but it causes the same perceptive process D) no difference from a psychological point of view 150. An aphasic with a left hemisphere disorder A) can use clocks and calendars, but does not have an inner sense of time B) has no idea of the passing of time C) has a normal control over the passing of time D) has an inner sense of time, but cannot use clocks or calendars