"Les pensées du rêve et le contenu du rêve se présentent comme deux descriptions du même contenu en deux langages différents"
1.
Dans la section précédente j’ai étudié un problème de traduction à propos du sens non pas des mots individuels, mais de celui d’une combinaison donnée, d’une collocation de mots formant un ensemble. Et j’ai démontré comment la consultation des corpora peut être utile dans de tels cas. Mais quand les problèmes de traduction sont d’un ordre différent, est-ce que les corpora constituent encore l’outil de choix le plus valable?
Dans cette section, j’essaie de faire face à deux problèmes de traduction qui se sont concrétisés dans le même texte auquel j’ai fait référence dans les deux sections précédentes. Voici les phrases :
I know I bang on about the English being strange, but clearly a little part of me isn't quite convinced, since I've sort of married two of them.
Bang on cue, Frank appears, wearing my rose-patterned Cath Kidston apron.
Dans les deux cas il y a répétition, comme vous avez pu le noter par l’emphase colorée accollée à la combinaison "bang on", dont j’ignore la signification. La première hypothèse que je construis consiste en un verbe à particule, un de ces verbes qui acquièrent une signification particulière si vous les utilisez en combinaison avec une préposition donnée, et qui sont particulièrement appréciés par les Britanniques (les orateurs américains les utilisent avec beaucoup plus de modération, leur préférant souvent le mot qui possède une signification semblable et d’origine Latine).
Je débute avec le Webster’s New World Dictionary, Macmillan, 1997, qui me renvoie comme résultat que "bang on" n’existe pas. Je me rends compte qu’il s’agit probablement d’une expression Britannique. Je m’adresse alors au dictionnaire Collins du langage Britannique, la réponse est la même.
Finalement en faisant ma recherche dans le Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (http ://dictionnary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=5831&dict=CALD je trouve:
bang on phrasal verb INFORMAL DISAPPROVING to talk about something for a long time, especially in a way that is boring to other people: My parents are always banging on about how much better life was 20 years ago.
De cette façon je peux apparamment résoudre le premier de mes deux problèmes, puisque l’exemple contient "bang on" suivi exactement par le cas introduit par "about" comme pour mon problème. Par conséquent une traduction de ce premier cas peut être :
Je réalise que je m’exprime d’une manière ennuyante en disant que l’Anglais est étrange, mais il est bien clair qu’une partie de moi-même n’est pas très convaincue puisque j’en ai marrié deux en quelque sorte.
Je vérifie dans le British National Corpus, en insérant "bang on": Voici le résultat que j’obtiens :
Une sélection au hasard de 50 solutions parmi les 93 que j’ai trouvées…
A0M 1365 As well as being painful, a further bang on a broken nose can greatly increase disfigurement.
A35 46 So, we bang on about the play and the staging and the big themes, and, if there's any space left, then, as the chairman of Critics' Forum wearily intones, `;I suppose we ought to say something about the performances.';
A74 3114 I bang on the glass with my fist.
ABS 142 First-Rate Bang On
B0U 1039 `;I'll bang on the wall.';
BM5 1896 `;Rover-engined and JPE versions of the Seven show, again, the Caterham's honing of the concept is bang on target';
BMW 2089 There was a loud bang on the door and Grace's angry voice called: `;And you can stop that quarrelling, the pair of you.
BP7 972 `;Just don't go about saying you had a bang on the head.
CA0 2199 He said the English were fine ones to bang on about cruelty when they sent little boys off to boarding school when they were eight.
CAB 3218 But if he becomes a nuisance, William,'; he added, `;you bang on the floor and I'll pick him up.';
CBC 1459 Crackers bang on target
CBE 680 He went so far as to bang on the door of Evert's home in an effort to see Steffi.
CEP 4324 England's 34-;32 half-time lead left them bang on target for the four-point margin required to overturn last year's narrow 77-;74 reverse in Moscow.
CJ4 193 Breasting the summit with ease and bang on time, the train was `;chased'; by a host of car bound photographers and enthusiasts, with even the pre-occupied massive throng in the on-train real ale bar pausing to admire the feat!
CM0 453 The impact of Big Bang on GKR was especially profitable for the firm because it was well prepared.
CMC 775 If you roll a HIT then you have hit, and the Goblin lands bang on target.
E9U 364 THREE East Anglian players are bang on course for reaching the matchplay stage of the English Ladies Championship at St Enodoc Golf Club on the north coast of Cornwall (writes Lee Dinmore ).
ECX 731 A loud and unnerving bang on climb-out came as a reminder that the time was looming for the statutory annual check of wing and attached machinery.
FET 1111 A gramophone began with a bang on" Away in a Manger".
FPH 1784 A bang on the door.
FU6 232 ROS: That's it --; pale sky before dawn, a man standing on his saddle to bang on the shutters --; shouts --; What's all the row about?!
FU6 261 An awakening, a man standing on his saddle to bang on the shutters, our names shouted in a certain dawn, a message, a summons…
FU6 1591 In a minute someone's going to bang on the lid and tell me to come out.
G02 292 It has leaped the last few leagues in one bound (great stuff), and lands smack BANG on the Cathedral roof (or thereabouts).
G1S 446 In the end, though, it would all be bang on and tickety boo (or was that the wrong war?) because Rupert, the sexiest of the pilots, managed to win through.
G2B 296 Brisk afternoon wind arrived bang on time for an exciting sail.
G2E 2163 Pamella got the bang on her door on Saturday 11 March.
G33 2549 After just a few hours sleep, I half awoke to a bang on the window.
H4C 568 Er and you'd er they'd er just bang on the door and, and call you and you had to be downstairs in five minutes.
H8J 1027 A bang on the door galvanised her into action; she gathered the matching gown round her and opened the door.
H9U 1772 Your arm was broken, and you had had a terrible bang on the head.
H9U 1784 I told the doctor; but he said that the whole adventure was just a dream, the result of cold, tiredness and a violent bang on the head.
HAE 40 IAN RUSH is bang on target for another historic hat-trick --; of records!
HAE 706 BANG ON!
HEE 43 But er it wasn't long after that there was another big bang on the platform and they all sort of turned tail and went away for their own safety.
HGD 2918 `;Hide under the table, mademoiselle , and when I am in my room I will bang on the floor and the coast will be clear.';
HJ3 4007 The 16 goal striker, who starts a two match ban on Monday, was bang on the spot to head Crusaders second from a beautifully served cross by Sid Burrows.
HPC 8 It has been completed bang on time and within budget thanks to a special task force which was set up to lead the complex engineering job.
J1F 1648 No matter how it started over the summer, there has been no shortage of things to bang on about.
JJS 151 He's had a terrific bang on the back of his head and
JXY 2770 `;Even so, you've had a severe shock and you've had a bang on your head.';
JY5 3731 Bang on cue, she strode out on to the stage, feeling none of the terror that had crippled her last performance, the excited cheers of the children bringing a beaming smile to her face.
K3A 757 Rob Andrew went off with a bang on the nose which needed an X-ray, although it was later revealed that there was no fracture, while his replacement Stuart Barnes had 12 stitches in a head wound caused by a stray boot.
K3X 60 Newton waters expected to be bang on form with loads of small fish, good tench on pole and caster.
K4V 1858 Mr Murphy, of Grange Road, Middlesbrough, said his son had a bang on the head which needed an X-ray.
K9C 358 SMART work by Thatcher Tubes, racing against the clock, helped a special toothpaste promotion hit stores in the United States bang on time.
KBP 3633 It's the one right bang on the main road?
KD3 2329 No, I don't know what it, he didn't bang on the doors, I was hoovering at the time Is that nice?
KE1 3639 bash it five minutes down the road, bang bang on Sunday, Sunday morning I was up
KE3 7062 Come and bang on our door for six weeks.
As you see, most occurrences contain the verb "bang" meaning "hit", "beat", followed by the preposition "on" with its normal value, for example in "bang on our door" the meaning is simply "a hit on our door". If I "filter" the result from these occurrences non relevant from my point of view, I get:
A35 46 So, we bang on about the play and the staging and the big themes, and, if there's any space left, then, as the chairman of Critics' Forum wearily intones, `;I suppose we ought to say something about the performances.';
CA0 2199 He said the English were fine ones to bang on about cruelty when they sent little boys off to boarding school when they were eight.
J1F 1648 No matter how it started over the summer, there has been no shortage of things to bang on about.
BM5 1896 `;Rover-engined and JPE versions of the Seven show, again, the Caterham's honing of the concept is bang on target';
CBC 1459 Crackers bang on target
CEP 4324 England's 34-;32 half-time lead left them bang on target for the four-point margin required to overturn last year's narrow 77-;74 reverse in Moscow.
CJ4 193 Breasting the summit with ease and bang on time, the train was `;chased'; by a host of car bound photographers and enthusiasts, with even the pre-occupied massive throng in the on-train real ale bar pausing to admire the feat!
CMC 775 If you roll a HIT then you have hit, and the Goblin lands bang on target.
E9U 364 THREE East Anglian players are bang on course for reaching the matchplay stage of the English Ladies Championship at St Enodoc Golf Club on the north coast of Cornwall (writes Lee Dinmore).
G2B 296 Brisk afternoon wind arrived bang on time for an exciting sail.
HAE 40 IAN RUSH is bang on target for another historic hat-trick --; of records!
HJ3 4007 The 16 goal striker, who starts a two match ban on Monday, was bang on the spot to head Crusaders second from a beautifully served cross by Sid Burrows.
HPC 8 It has been completed bang on time and within budget thanks to a special task force which was set up to lead the complex engineering job.
JY5 3731 Bang on cue, she strode out on to the stage, feeling none of the terror that had crippled her last performance, the excited cheers of the children bringing a beaming smile to her face.
K3X 60 Newton waters expected to be bang on form with loads of small fish, good tench on pole and caster
J’ai teinté en vert pâle les items que je crois applicables à mon premier cas.
Mais est-ce qu’une telle solution peut s’appliquer à mon second problème? Je ne le crois pas. J’ai alors coloré en violet les pièces que je croyais semblables au cas de mon deuxième problème. Je réalise que l’on retrouve la séquence exacte "bang on cue" dans un seul des cas (pièce penultième), et au début de la phrase dans ce cas aussi, et difficille à déchiffrer à première vue. Dans cinq cas d’un total de douze je retrouve "bang on target", qui me rappelle quelque chose : se pourrait-il que "bang on cue" soit une variante, une référence intertextuelle de "bang on target"?
De plus, je note qu’il y a des équivalents de "bang on time" qui ont une signification transparente, très expressive, qui se situe bien près de "very punctual".
En fait, on peut penser intuitivement à "bang on time" comme étant tiré des cloches; la ponctualité est associée de près au battement des heures dans un clocher.
J’essaie d’insérer les chaînes dans un moteur de recherche. J’obtiens 3440 réponses pour "bang on target", et seulement 166 pour "bang on cue". À l’examen des diverses réponses je réalise que la signification de "bang on target", a probablement son origine dans le jargon militaire, et représente plus ou moins un "coup au but", par conséquent, dans un sens plus large l’expression signifie "extrèmement à point", "bien à l’heure", " de la façon la plus opportune". "Bang on cue" en est probablement une variante avec une signification quelque peu différente, parce que la métaphore espace de la "target" est substituée par la métaphore de l’évidence, du signal sémantique.
La traduction de ma deuxième phrase, n’a par conséquent rien à voir avec le verbe à particule de la première (que j’ai trouvé non pas grâce au dictionnaire mais grâce aux corpora), et qui peut être plus ou moins expliqué de la façon suivante :
Confimation de mes soupçons, Frank est apparu habillé de mon tablier Cath Kidston à carreaux roses.
Je crois qu’il est maintenant clair que la consultation des corpora peut aussi être utile pour solutionner les problèmes de sens différents de ceux relatifs aux collocations courantes.
Bibliographie
FREUD SIGMUND, L’interpretazione dei sogni, in Opere, vol. 3, Torino, Boringhieri, a cura di C. L. Musatti, 1966.
FREUD SIGMUND, The Interpretation Of Dreams, translated by A. A. Brill, London, G. Allen & company, 1913.
GURALNIK, ed., Webster’s New World Dictionary, Macmillan-Accent, 1997.
HANKS PATRICK, ed., Collins Dictionary of the English Language, Collins, London-Glasgow 1979.
1 Freud 1900: 254.
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